Everyone Healthy Library
Myocardial Infarction
Also Known As: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Acute Myocardial Infarction; Heart Attack
Condition / disease reference page from the Everyone Healthy database.
Connected health information
Explore this condition in a clear order
Linked signs and symptoms
20Each sign/symptom opens its own page and links back to related conditions.
- Breath Shortness (Dyspnoea)
- Dizziness
- Fainting (Syncope)
- Fatigue
- Headache (Cephalgia)
- Heartbeats Felt By Patient (Palpitations)
- Heartburn (Pyrosis)
- Loss of Consciousness (Unconsciousness)
- Mind: Lightheadedness
- Mind: Malaise
- Nausea
- Pain Arm
- Pain Back
- Pain in Upper Abdomen (Epigastric Burning)
- Pain Jaw
- Pain Neck
- Pain: Chest
- Sweating (Perspiring)
- Vomiting
- Weakness
Linked drugs / medications
17Medication information is educational only. A doctor or pharmacist should advise whether any medicine is appropriate.
Treatments, therapies and supportive options
35Grouped by treatment type. These are educational database links, not personal treatment recommendations. Evidence labels are shown only where stored in the EH database.
Surgery
4Medical therapy
8- Cardiac Defibrillator ImplantWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Electical Cardioversion (Defibrillation)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Expired Air ResuscitationWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Oxygen AdministrationWeakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)Weakly in Favour(Low Evidence)
- SEEK IMMEDIATE PROFESSIONAL HELPStrongly in Favour(Moderate Evidence)
Lifestyle changes
10- Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
- Low Fat Diet
- Low Sodium or Salt Diet
- Reduce or Stop Alcohol Consumption
- Reduce or Stop Alcohol ConsumptionStrongly in Favour(High Evidence)
- Reduce or Stop Smoking
- Reduce or Stop SmokingStrongly in Favour(High Evidence)
- Regular Excercise
- Weight Reduction
- Weight ReductionStrongly in Favour(High Evidence)
Counselling and support
1Alternative and complementary therapies
4Alternative medicine
2Alternative therapies
1Medical emergencies
4Linked diagnostic tests and investigations
31These are pulled from both EH diagnostic-test link tables, including the older large test-link table.
- 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) Concentration
- Aldosterone Concentration Test
- Apolipoprotein A Concentration
- Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test
- Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration
- Cholesterol Concentration
- Cholinesterase (Serum Acetylcholinesterase, Pseudocholinesterase)
- Creatine Kinase Concentration
- D-Dimer Blood Test
- Eosinophils Count
- erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- Ferritin Concentration
- Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products, FSPs, Fibrin Breakdown Products, Fbps)
- Fibrin Monomers Test
- Fibrinogen Concentration test
- Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) Action Assay
- Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Concentration
- Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Concentration
- Glucose, Blood (Fasting Blood Glucose)
- Glucose, Blood (Random Blood Glucose Test)
- haptoglobin (Hp) concentration
- Homocysteine Concentration (HCY, Blood)
- Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
- Myoglobin Concentration
- Neutrophil Absolute Count
- Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide (PCO2, PaCO2)
- Platelet Count
- Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Triglyceride (TGs) Concentration
- Urine Volume
Biological and test markers
34This visual map uses existing EH database links to show biological agents and lab markers reported as increased, decreased, or associated with this condition. These are educational relationships only; test results must be interpreted by a qualified clinician because ranges vary by lab, method, age, sex and clinical context.
Often increased
29- 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 10.5–14 µmol/gLinked diagnostic tests12, 3 Diphosphoglycerate (2
- AldosteroneReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0.13–0.86 nmol/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 0.16–0.66 nmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Aldosterone Concentration Test
- Alpha-1-Globulin (Blood, Serum)Reference range exampleAll: 0.1–0.3 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Alpha-2-Globulin (Blood, Serum)Reference range exampleAll: 0.6–1 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Protein Electrophoresis (Blood, Serum Protein)
- Blood Urea NitrogenReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 6–18 mg/dL; Child (< 10y): 5–15 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Blood Urea Nitrogen Tests
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–1.5 %Linked diagnostic tests1Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration
- Cholesterol (Total)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 75–180 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y): 0–190 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Cholesterol Concentration
- Creatine Kinase (CK)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 35–150 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 40–170 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Creatine Kinase Concentration
- Creatine Kinase2 (CK-MB) IsoenzymeReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–2 %Linked diagnostic tests1Creatine Kinase Concentration
- Creatine Kinase3 (CK-MM) IsoenzymeReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 97–100 %Linked diagnostic tests1Creatine Kinase Concentration
- D-DimerReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–240 µg/LLinked diagnostic tests1D-Dimer Blood Test
- EosinophilsReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 0–3 %; 0–3 %Linked diagnostic tests3Differential White Blood Cell Count Tests, Eosinophil Differential Of Total WBC
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation RateReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0–20 mm/Hr; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 0–15 mm/HrLinked diagnostic tests1erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- FerritinReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 7–140 µg/L; Adult ( > 16y), Female: 18–160 µg/LLinked diagnostic tests1Ferritin Concentration
- Fibrin MonomersReference range example0–10,000 µg/LLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrin Monomers Test
- Fibrin Split ProductsReference range exampleAll: 0–1 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs, Fibrin Split Products
- FibrinogenReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 150–400 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrinogen Concentration test
- Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 0.7–3.1 mg/mL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 0.35–2.5 mg/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) Action Assay
- Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 6–30 units/L; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 6–38 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) Concentration
- Glucose (Blood)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 3–6.1 mmol/L; Adult ( > 16y): 0–6.1 mmol/LLinked diagnostic tests11fasting Blood Glucose Test, Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT
- Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 10.1–18.5 U/gHb; Birth - 2wks: 12–23 U/gHbLinked diagnostic tests1Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Concentration
- haptoglobin (Hp)Reference range example45–200 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1haptoglobin (Hp) concentration
- HomocysteineReference range exampleAll, Female: 4–15 µmol/L; All, Male: 7–16 µmol/LLinked diagnostic tests1Homocysteine Concentration (HCY, Blood)
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)Reference range exampleInfant (0 - 1y): 120–250 units/L; Adult ( > 16y): 100–200 units/LLinked diagnostic tests1Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration
- MyoglobinReference range exampleAll: 5–85 ng/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Myoglobin Concentration
- PlateletsReference range exampleChild (0 - 16y): 150–450 109/L; Adult ( > 16y): 135–380 109/LLinked diagnostic tests1Platelet Count
- Segmented NeutrophilsReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 50–62 %; Adult ( > 16y): 2,500–8,000 mm3Linked diagnostic tests2Differential White Blood Cell Count Tests, Neutrophil Absolute Count
- TriglyceridesReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 32–137 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 35–155 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests2Triglyceride (TG's) Concentration, Triglyceride (TGs) Concentration
- Uric Acid, BloodReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 2.5–7 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 4–8 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Blood Uric Acid Concentration Test
Often decreased
5- Albumin (Blood)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 37–52 gm/dL; Infant (0 - 1y): 4.4–5.4 gm/dLLinked diagnostic tests2Blood Albumin Concentration, Protein Electrophoresis (Blood
- Apolipoprotein A (Apo A)Reference range exampleAdult ( > 16y), Female: 85–170 mg/dL; Adult ( > 16y), Male: 77–155 mg/dLLinked diagnostic tests1Apolipoprotein A Concentration
- CholinesteraseReference range exampleAll: 6–19 U/mLLinked diagnostic tests1Cholinesterase (Serum Acetylcholinesterase, Pseudocholinesterase)
- Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2)Reference range exampleAll: 35–45 mm HgLinked diagnostic tests1Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide (PCO2, PaCO2)
- UrineReference range exampleAdult ( > 16y): 4.5–7.5; Child (0 - 16y): 500–1,400 mLLinked diagnostic tests5Urine Colour, Urine Creatinine Concentration
Other associated markers
0No markers in this group.
Introduction / full article
Myocardial Infarction
Efficacy of Alternative and Other Treatments According to GRADE* Ranking:
Pine Bark Extract [1, 2, 3, 4,]:
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It may mildly help with some of the symptoms, and even then has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: weakly in favor (Early studies indicate potential for Pine bark extract in the treatment of infarctions, but more clinical studies need to be done)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Red Pepper (Capsaicin):
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It is proposed only as a weak supportive symptomatic support, and even then, has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: no recommendation (Available evidence does not support claims that Red Peppers help to treat or prevent myocardial infarctions in any way)
Grade of Evidence: low quality of evidence
Astragalus (Astragalus Membranaceus):
Please note, this management does NOT treat the condition itself. It is proposed only as a weak supportive symptomatic support, and even then, has insufficient evidence to back up this claim at present.
Recommendation: no recommendation (There is insufficient evidence to support claims that Astragalus helps to treat mycardial infarction)
Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence
Qigong:
Recommendation: no recommendation (there is insufficient evidence to show that Qigong can help treat Angina in any way)
Grade of Evidence: very low quality of evidence
* www.gradeworkinggroup.org
Summary References
Treatments:
1. Ades T, Alteri R, Gansler T, Yeargin P, "Complete Guide to Complimentary & Alternative Cancer Therapies", American Cancer Society, Atlanta USA, 2009
2. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00214032
3. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/pine-bark-extract
4. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-pycnogenol.html